A stroke is a critical medical emergency. It occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted or severely reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die. Swift recognition and response can mean the difference between full recovery and long-term disability—or even death.
To make early identification easier, medical professionals use a simple acronym: FAST. This method highlights four key signs to watch for if you suspect someone is having a stroke.
F – Face
One of the first visible signs of a stroke often appears on the face. Ask the individual to smile. Does the smile appear uneven or lopsided? Is one side of the face drooping? Check the eyes too—does one eye look lower than the other? Facial asymmetry can be a critical indicator of a stroke in progress.
A—Arms
Next, observe the arms. Ask the person to raise both arms above their head. Are they able to lift both arms evenly? In many stroke cases, one arm will drift downward or may feel weaker than the other. This weakness occurs because the stroke disrupts communication between the brain and the muscles on one side of the body.
S – Speech
Speech is another major red flag. Try engaging the person in conversation. Are their words slurred? Are they struggling to speak clearly or form coherent sentences? In some cases, the person may have difficulty understanding what’s being said to them. Any sudden changes in speech or comprehension should be taken seriously.
T – Time
The final letter in the acronym stands for Time, underscoring the urgency of the situation. If you notice any of the above symptoms—even just one—act immediately. Do not wait for all signs to appear before seeking help. Time is brain: the longer treatment is delayed, the more brain damage can occur.
Call emergency services without delay:
- UK: 999
- Nigeria: 767 or 112
- US: 911
In countries where emergency response services may be unreliable or slow, transporting the individual to the hospital yourself—safely—may be the best course of action.
The Golden Window: Why the First 3 Hours Matter
The first three hours after a stroke are known as the golden window. This is the critical period during which medical intervention is most effective. Getting to the hospital within this window greatly increases the chances of survival and a full recovery and minimizes long-term complications.
Other Symptoms to Watch For
In addition to the FAST signs, a stroke may also present with:
- Sudden dizziness or loss of balance
- Sudden, severe headache with no known cause
- Sudden blurry or lost vision in one or both eyes
These additional symptoms, particularly when they arise suddenly, should not be ignored.
In Summary
A stroke can happen to anyone, at any time. Recognizing the signs early—and acting fast—can save a life. Whether it’s a drooping face, a weak arm, slurred speech, or just a gut instinct that something is wrong, don’t wait. Time lost is brain lost.
Learn the signs. Stay alert. Act FAST.
